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Guide

German Modal Verbs: Word Order and the Must-Not Trap

Learn five common German modal verbs, put the second verb at the end, and tell müssen nicht from dürfen nicht.

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German modal verbs let you say what someone can, must, may, should, or wants to do. They also change the shape of the sentence.

Compare these two lines:

Ich trinke Tee.

Ich soll Tee trinken.

The second sentence has two verb parts. The modal soll carries the subject ending near the front. The verb trinken stays in the infinitive and closes the sentence.

Five modal verbs and their jobs

Start with one job for each verb:

Modal verb Job Example
können ability Ich kann heute nicht arbeiten.
müssen obligation Amir muss viel Wasser trinken.
dürfen permission Darf ich hier warten?
sollen advice Ich soll Tee trinken.
wollen desire Wollen Sie ein Rezept?

Learn the verb with its job first. The exact English translation can change with the situation, but the core choice stays useful: ability, obligation, permission, advice, or desire.

Put the modal in position 2

In a statement, the conjugated modal takes position 2. The other verb moves to the end in its infinitive form.

First sentence part Position 2: modal Middle Infinitive at the end
Amir muss viel Wasser trinken.
Sie sollen am Abend Tee trinken.
Ich kann heute nicht arbeiten.

This frame is the verb bracket, die Satzklammer.

Use three steps:

  1. Choose the modal and change it for the subject.
  2. Put that modal in position 2.
  3. Put the other verb, unchanged, at the end.

Here is the move in one pair:

Ich trinke viel Tee.

Ich muss viel Tee trinken.

The first trinke becomes muss. The meaning verb returns as the infinitive trinken at the end.

The singular forms change

The five modals use irregular singular forms. Learn these as a small set:

Modal ich du er/sie
können kann kannst kann
müssen muss musst muss
dürfen darf darfst darf
sollen soll sollst soll
wollen will willst will

Do not add a normal present-tense ending to the infinitive. Use the form in the table, then keep the second verb at the end.

What happens to a separable verb?

With a modal, a separable verb returns to its complete infinitive form at the end.

Ich stehe früh auf.

Ich muss früh aufstehen.

The simple present sentence splits the verb. The modal sentence keeps aufstehen together because it is the closing infinitive.

If that first pattern is new, the German separable verbs guide shows how the split works before a modal enters the sentence.

The trap: müssen nicht or dürfen nicht?

These two negatives do not mean the same thing.

German Meaning
Sie müssen nicht ins Krankenhaus gehen. You do not have to go to hospital.
Und Sie dürfen nicht rauchen. And you must not smoke.

Use müssen nicht when something is unnecessary. Use dürfen nicht when something is forbidden.

The English phrase “must not” is the danger. It maps to dürfen nicht, not müssen nicht.

✗ Read Sie müssen nicht rauchen as a ban.

✓ The ban is Sie dürfen nicht rauchen.

The word nicht does not change the bracket. The modal still sits in position 2, and the infinitive still closes the sentence.

A five-item check

Choose the correct modal form. Then put the second verb at the end.

  1. Ich ___ heute nicht arbeiten. (können)
  2. Amir ___ viel Wasser trinken. (müssen)
  3. Ich ___ Tee trinken. (sollen)
  4. You do not have to go to hospital: Sie ___ ins Krankenhaus gehen.
  5. You must not smoke: Sie ___ rauchen.

Answers:

  1. Ich kann heute nicht arbeiten.
  2. Amir muss viel Wasser trinken.
  3. Ich soll Tee trinken.
  4. Sie müssen nicht ins Krankenhaus gehen.
  5. Sie dürfen nicht rauchen.

Read each answer once. Then cover it and rebuild the sentence. Check only two places: the modal in position 2 and the infinitive at the end.

What to learn next

Use the same bracket with one separable verb you already know. The separable verbs guide gives you five sentence patterns to reuse.

Modal verbs also appear in polite questions and instructions. The German directions guide gives you the useful fixed instruction Gehen Sie geradeaus before you study the full imperative system.

Frequently asked questions

What are the main German modal verbs?

Start with können, müssen, dürfen, sollen and wollen. They express ability, obligation, permission, advice and desire.

What is the word order with German modal verbs?

Put the conjugated modal in position 2 and the other verb in the infinitive at the end: Amir muss viel Wasser trinken.

What does müssen nicht mean?

The phrase müssen nicht means 'do not have to.' Sie müssen nicht ins Krankenhaus gehen says that going to hospital is unnecessary, not forbidden.

How do you say must not in German?

Use dürfen nicht for a ban. Sie dürfen nicht rauchen means 'You must not smoke.'